Beta-arrestin-biased cannabinoid cb1 receptor agonists and methods for making and using them

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides compounds having a CB 1  receptor-binding moiety and a directing moiety. In related aspects, the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of the invention, methods for inhibiting a pathway modulated in part by the CB 1  receptor activity, and methods for treating a condition or disorder mediated in part by CB 1  receptor activity. In certain embodiments, the compounds are compounds of Formula I. Methods of preparing compounds of Formula I are also described. In another aspect, the invention provides methods of identifying a selective agonist of the beta-arrestin pathway over the G-protein pathway.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of PCT/US2015/035653, filed Jun. 12,2015, which claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 62/015,289,filed Jun. 20, 2014, which are incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSOREDRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

This work was supported by the NIH National Institute on Drug Abuseunder Grant Nos. RO1 DA003924 and KO5 DA021358. The government hascertain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cannabinoid agonists have been shown to lower intra-ocular pressure inglaucoma; produce pain relief; lessen nausea associated withchemotherapy; produce a neuroprotective effect in neurodegenerativediseases such as Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS); and act as appetite stimulants. Commercial development of ligandsthat bind to the cannabinoid CB₁ receptor have hit major roadblocks dueto psychoactive effects associated with agonists and depressive effects,including suicidal ideation, associated with inverse agonists. Untilvery recently, the focus of cannabinoid compound design was on theG-protein signaling pathway. It has now become clear that there are twosignaling pathways for the CB₁ receptor, the long-appreciated G_(i/o)pathway (which leads to a pERK signal that can be abrogated withpertussis toxin, a G_(i/o) toxin) and a beta-arrestin mediated pathwaythat leads to production of pERK that is insensitive to pertussis toxin.Ligands that favor such a second pathway have been discovered in otherreceptor fields (the beta-2-adrenergic and delta-opioid fields), butthese latter ligands actually signal through both pathways, simplyfavoring the beta-arrestin mediated pathway. What is needed are toolsfor determining which effects of CB₁ modulators arise from whichpathways and therapeutically effective cannabinoid CB₁ receptor ligandshaving reduced adverse side effects. The present invention meets theseand other needs.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the invention provides a compound having a CB₁receptor-binding moiety and a directing moiety, wherein the CB₁receptor-binding moiety interacts in a non-covalent manner with one ormore amino acid residues selected from the group consisting ofA6.53(361), I6.54(362), Y6.57(365), D6.58(366), K(370), M(371), N(372),K(373), L(374), I(375), K(376), and F7.35(379) of the CB₁ receptor, andwherein the directing moiety prevents binding of the compound to onemore amino acid residues selected from the group consisting ofP6.50(358), A6.53(361), I6.54(362), Y6.57(365), M(371), F7.35(379),C7.38(382), and S7.39(383) of the CB₁ receptor.

In certain embodiments, the compound has the Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein

-   -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, nitro,        and acetyl;    -   R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₀₋₄        alkyl-C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and C₀₋₄ alkyl-C₆₋₁₀ aryl,    -   R³ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₃-C₁₂ alkyl,        C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, 4- to 8-membered heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl,        and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl;    -   W is selected from the group consisting of N and CR^(1a),        wherein R^(1a) is selected from the group consisting of H and        R¹;    -   X is selected from the group consisting of O, C═O, and NR⁴,        wherein R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of H and C₁₋₆        alkyl;    -   Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently selected from the group        consisting of N and CH;    -   Z is selected from the group consisting of O, CH₂, and NR⁴,        wherein R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of H and C₁₋₆        alkyl;    -   subscript t is 0 when W is CR^(1a) and R^(1a) is R¹;    -   subscript t is 1 when W is N or when W is CR^(1a) and R^(1a) is        H; and    -   L is selected from the group consisting of

-   -   wherein    -   R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently selected from the group        consisting of H and OH, provided that at least one of R⁵ and R⁶        is H and at least one of R⁷ and R⁸ is H, or    -   one of R⁵ and R⁶ is taken together with one of R⁷ and R⁸ to form        a 5- to 6-membered saturated carbocyclic or heterocyclic group,        or    -   R⁵ and R⁷ are absent and R⁶ and R⁸ are taken together to form a        5- to 6-membered unsaturated carbocyclic or heterocyclic group,        and    -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected from the group consisting        of H and OH, provided that at least of R⁹ and R¹⁰ is H, and;    -   provided that if R² is C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are H,        and Y¹, Y², and Y³ are CH, then R³ is selected from the group        consisting of C₃-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, 4- to 8-membered        heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl.

In a related aspect, the invention provides methods for preparingcompounds of Formula I.

In another aspect, the invention provides pharmaceutical compositionscontaining a compound of the invention and one or more pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipients. In a related aspect, the invention provides a kithaving a composition of the invention and instructions for use.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods of inhibiting apathway modulated in part by CB₁ receptor activity. The methods includethe step of contacting a cell with a compound of the invention.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods of treating acondition or disorder mediated in part by CB₁ receptor activity in apatient in need thereof. The methods include administering to thepatient an effective amount of a compound of the invention.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods of identifying aselective agonist of the beta-arrestin pathway over the G-proteinpathway. The methods include identifying a compound that binds in anon-covalent manner with one or more CB₁ receptor amino acid residuesselected from the group consisting of A6.53(361), I6.54(362),Y6.57(365), D6.58(366), K(370), M(371), N(372), K(373), L(374), I(375),K(376), and F7.35(379); and determining that the compound does not bindto one more CB₁ receptor amino acid residues selected from the groupconsisting of P6.50(358), A6.53(361), I6.54(362), Y6.57(365), M(371),F7.35(379), C7.38(382), and S7.39(383).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows ORG27569 and compounds of the invention (Compound 1;Compound 2; Compound 3).

FIG. 2A shows ORG27569 (yellow) inserted between the EC ends ofTMH6(pink)/TMH7(purple) with the EC-3 loop interacting with the ligand.Residues with which ORG27569 interacts are colored green here. The highentry of ORG27569 results in beta-arrestin biased signaling.

FIG. 2B shows that if ORG27569 is forced to enter one turn lower in theTMH6/TMH7 interface, the set of interacting residues (green) includesthe proline (P6.50(358)) of the CWXP flexible hinge motif. Interactionwith this flexible hinge region is associated with G-protein activation.

FIG. 3 shows the effects of the compounds of the invention on bindingand G protein-mediated signaling. Compound 1 is a less potent andefficacious negative allosteric modulator of CB₁ than ORG27569. Compound2 is a more potent negative allosteric modulator than ORG27569 andcompound 3 is not an allosteric modulator of CB₁.

FIG. 4 shows the effect of compound 1 on basal G protein signaling.

FIG. 5 shows the effect of compound 2 on basal G protein signaling.

FIG. 6 shows the effect of compound 3 on basal G protein signaling.

FIG. 7 shows the effect of compound 4 on basal G protein signaling.

FIG. 8 shows the effects of the compounds of the invention on ERKsignaling.

FIG. 9 shows GTPγS stimulation levels in hCB₁/HEK cells upon treatmentwith a compound of the invention.

FIG. 10 shows pERK production in cells upon treatment with a compound ofthe invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION I. General

The present invention is based on the surprising discovery ofcannabinoid CB₁ receptor ligands that produce no effect on the G_(i/o)pathway, but signal completely via beta-arrestin. The appeal of suchbiased cannabinoid CB₁ ligands is that for the first time, the plethoraof effects caused by CB₁ agonists can be sorted between the twopathways.

II. Definitions

As used herein, the terms “cannabinoid CB₁ receptor” and “CB₁ receptor”refer to the Class A G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) found primarilyat central and peripheral nerve terminals. The human CB₁ receptor, as anon-limiting example, is entered into the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot databaseunder accession number P21544.

As used herein, the term “CB₁ receptor orthosteric site” refers to thesite of binding of the majority of endogenous and synthetic ligands,such as anandamide, Δ⁹-THC, and CP55,940, to the CB₁ receptor. Theorthosteric site is commonly understood to be topographically defined byamino acid residues including, but not limited to, F2.57(170),K3.28(192), V3.32(196), F3.36(200), W4.64(255), Y5.39(275), F5.42(278),W5.43(279), W6.48(356), M7.40(384), and L7.43(387).

As used herein, the term “CB₁ receptor allosteric site” refers to thesite of binding of endogenous and synthetic ligands, which istopographically distinct from the CB₁ receptor orthosteric site. Ligandbinding at the allosteric site can promote or inhibit binding of ligandsat the orthosteric site. Amino acid residues defining the CB₁ receptorallosteric site include, but are not limited to, K3.28(192), F3.36(200),W5.43(279), W6.48(356), D6.58(366), and F3.25(192).

As used herein, the term “CB₁ receptor-binding moiety” refers to amolecule or a portion of a molecule that non-covalently interacts with aregion of the CB₁ receptor. In certain embodiments, the CB₁receptor-binding moiety binds to the CB₁ receptor allosteric site. Incertain embodiments, the CB₁ receptor binding moiety binds the CB₁receptor between transmembrane helix (TMH) 6 and TMH7. In certainembodiments, the CB₁ receptor binding moiety binds extracellular loop 3of the CB₁ receptor.

As used herein, the term “directing moiety” refers to a portion of amolecule that prevents binding of the molecule to one or more residuesselected from the group consisting of P6.50(358), A6.53(361),I6.54(362), Y6.57(365), M(371), F7.35(379), C7.38(382), and S7.39(383).

As used herein, the term “non-covalent interaction” refers toelectromagnetic interaction between two or more molecules (or two ormore portions of one or more molecules) by electrostatic interaction,hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, hydrophobic interactions (van derWaals forces), or a combination thereof.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to a straight or branched,saturated, aliphatic radical having the number of carbon atomsindicated. Alkyl can include any number of carbons, such as C₁₋₂, C₁₋₃,C₁₋₄, C₁₋₅, C₁₋₆, C₁₋₇, C₁₋₈, C₁₋₉, C₁₋₁₀, C₂₋₃, C₂₋₄, C₂₋₅, C₂₋₆, C₃₋₄,C₃₋₅, C₃₋₆, C₄₋₅, C₄₋₆ and C₅₋₆. For example, C₁₋₆ alkyl includes, butis not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl,sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, hexyl, etc. Alkyl can alsorefer to alkyl groups having up to 20 carbons atoms, such as, but notlimited to heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, etc. Alkyl groups can besubstituted or unsubstituted. “Substituted alkyl” groups can besubstituted with one or more groups selected from halo, hydroxy, amino,alkylamino, amido, acyl, nitro, cyano, and alkoxy.

As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated or partiallyunsaturated, monocyclic, fused bicyclic or bridged polycyclic ringassembly containing from 3 to 12 ring atoms, or the number of atomsindicated. Cycloalkyl can include any number of carbons, such as C₃₋₆,C₄₋₆, C₅₋₆, C₃₋₈, C₄₋₈, C₅₋₈, C₆₋₈, C₃₋₉, C₃₋₁₀, C₃₋₁₁, and C₃₋₁₂.Saturated monocyclic cycloalkyl rings include, for example, cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cyclooctyl. Saturated bicyclicand polycyclic cycloalkyl rings include, for example, norbornane,[2.2.2]bicyclooctane, decahydronaphthalene and adamantane. Cycloalkylgroups can also be partially unsaturated, having one or more double ortriple bonds in the ring. Representative cycloalkyl groups that arepartially unsaturated include, but are not limited to, cyclobutene,cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cyclohexadiene (1,3- and 1,4-isomers),cycloheptene, cycloheptadiene, cyclooctene, cyclooctadiene (1,3-, 1,4-and 1,5-isomers), norbornene, and norbornadiene. When cycloalkyl is asaturated monocyclic C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, exemplary groups include, but arenot limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl. When cycloalkyl is a saturated monocyclicC₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, exemplary groups include, but are not limited tocyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. Cycloalkyl groupscan be substituted or unsubstituted. “Substituted cycloalkyl” groups canbe substituted with one or more groups selected from halo, hydroxy,amino, alkylamino, amido, acyl, nitro, cyano, and alkoxy.

As used herein, the term “aryl” refers to an aromatic ring system havingany suitable number of ring atoms and any suitable number of rings. Arylgroups can include any suitable number of ring atoms, such as 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 ring atoms, as well as from 6 to 10, 6to 12, or 6 to 14 ring members. Aryl groups can be monocyclic, fused toform bicyclic or tricyclic groups, or linked by a bond to form a biarylgroup. Representative aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl and biphenyl.Other aryl groups include benzyl, having a methylene linking group. Somearyl groups have from 6 to 12 ring members, such as phenyl, naphthyl orbiphenyl. Other aryl groups have from 6 to 10 ring members, such asphenyl or naphthyl. Some other aryl groups have 6 ring members, such asphenyl. Aryl groups can be substituted or unsubstituted. “Substitutedaryl” groups can be substituted with one or more groups selected fromhalo, hydroxy, amino, alkylamino, amido, acyl, nitro, cyano, and alkoxy.

As used herein, the term “heterocyclyl” refers to refers to a saturatedring system having from 3 to 12 ring members and from 1 to 4 heteroatomsof N, O and S. Additional heteroatoms can also be useful, including, butnot limited to, B, A1, Si and P. The heteroatoms can also be oxidized,such as, but not limited to, —S(O)— and —S(O)₂—. Heterocyclyl groups caninclude any number of ring atoms, such as, 3 to 6, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 3 to8, 4 to 8, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 3 to 9, 3 to 10, 3 to 11, or 3 to 12 ringmembers. Any suitable number of heteroatoms can be included in theheterocyclyl groups, such as 1, 2, 3, or 4, or 1 to 2, 1 to 3, 1 to 4, 2to 3, 2 to 4, or 3 to 4. The heterocyclyl group can include groups suchas aziridine, azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, azepane, azocane,quinuclidine, pyrazolidine, imidazolidine, piperazine (1,2-, 1,3- and1,4-isomers), oxirane, oxetane, tetrahydrofuran, oxane(tetrahydropyran), oxepane, thiirane, thietane, thiolane(tetrahydrothiophene), thiane (tetrahydrothiopyran), oxazolidine,isoxazolidine, thiazolidine, isothiazolidine, dioxolane, dithiolane,morpholine, thiomorpholine, dioxane, or dithiane. The heterocyclylgroups can also be fused to aromatic or non-aromatic ring systems toform members including, but not limited to, indoline. Heterocyclylgroups can be unsubstituted or substituted. “Substituted heterocyclyl”groups can be substituted with one or more groups selected from halo,hydroxy, amino, oxo (═O), alkylamino, amido, acyl, nitro, cyano, andalkoxy.

The heterocyclyl groups can be linked via any position on the ring. Forexample, aziridine can be 1- or 2-aziridine, azetidine can be 1- or2-azetidine, pyrrolidine can be 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolidine, piperidine canbe 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-piperidine, pyrazolidine can be 1-, 2-, 3-, or4-pyrazolidine, imidazolidine can be 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-imidazolidine,piperazine can be 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-piperazine, tetrahydrofuran can be 1-or 2-tetrahydrofuran, oxazolidine can be 2-, 3-, 4- or 5-oxazolidine,isoxazolidine can be 2-, 3-, 4- or 5-isoxazolidine, thiazolidine can be2-, 3-, 4- or 5-thiazolidine, isothiazolidine can be 2-, 3-, 4- or5-isothiazolidine, and morpholine can be 2-, 3- or 4-morpholine.

When heterocyclyl includes 3 to 8 ring members and 1 to 3 heteroatoms,representative members include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidine,piperidine, tetrahydrofuran, oxane, tetrahydrothiophene, thiane,pyrazolidine, imidazolidine, piperazine, oxazolidine, isoxazolidine,thiazolidine, isothiazolidine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, dioxane anddithiane. Heterocyclyl can also form a ring having 5 to 6 ring membersand 1 to 2 heteroatoms, with representative members including, but notlimited to, pyrrolidine, piperidine, tetrahydrofuran,tetrahydrothiophene, pyrazolidine, imidazolidine, piperazine,oxazolidine, isoxazolidine, thiazolidine, isothiazolidine, andmorpholine.

As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” refers to a monocyclic or fusedbicyclic or tricyclic aromatic ring assembly containing 5 to 16 ringatoms, where from 1 to 5 of the ring atoms are a heteroatom such as N, Oor S. Additional heteroatoms can also be useful, including, but notlimited to, B, A1, Si and P. The heteroatoms can also be oxidized, suchas, but not limited to, —S(O)— and —S(O)₂—. Heteroaryl groups caninclude any number of ring atoms, such as 3 to 6, 4 to 6, 5 to 6, 3 to8, 4 to 8, 5 to 8, 6 to 8, 3 to 9, 3 to 10, 3 to 11, or 3 to 12 ringmembers. Any suitable number of heteroatoms can be included in theheteroaryl groups, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, or 1 to 2, 1 to 3, 1 to 4,1 to 5, 2 to 3, 2 to 4, 2 to 5, 3 to 4, or 3 to 5. Heteroaryl groups canhave from 5 to 8 ring members and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms, or from 5 to8 ring members and from 1 to 3 heteroatoms, or from 5 to 6 ring membersand from 1 to 4 heteroatoms, or from 5 to 6 ring members and from 1 to 3heteroatoms. The heteroaryl group can include groups such as pyrrole,pyridine, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tetrazole, pyrazine,pyrimidine, pyridazine, triazine (1,2,3-, 1,2,4- and 1,3,5-isomers),thiophene, furan, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, and isoxazole. Theheteroaryl groups can also be fused to aromatic ring systems, such as aphenyl ring, to form members including, but not limited to,benzopyrroles such as indole and isoindole, benzopyridines such asquinoline and isoquinoline, benzopyrazine (quinoxaline), benzopyrimidine(quinazoline), benzopyridazines such as phthalazine and cinnoline,benzothiophene, and benzofuran. Other heteroaryl groups includeheteroaryl rings linked by a bond, such as bipyridine. Heteroaryl groupscan be substituted or unsubstituted. “Substituted heteroaryl” groups canbe substituted with one or more groups selected from halo, hydroxy,amino, alkylamino, amido, acyl, nitro, cyano, and alkoxy.

The heteroaryl groups can be linked via any position on the ring. Forexample, pyrrole includes 1-, 2- and 3-pyrrole, pyridine includes 2-, 3-and 4-pyridine, imidazole includes 1-, 2-, 4- and 5-imidazole, pyrazoleincludes 1-, 3-, 4- and 5-pyrazole, triazole includes 1-, 4- and5-triazole, tetrazole includes 1- and 5-tetrazole, pyrimidine includes2-, 4-, 5- and 6-pyrimidine, pyridazine includes 3- and 4-pyridazine,1,2,3-triazine includes 4- and 5-triazine, 1,2,4-triazine includes 3-,5- and 6-triazine, 1,3,5-triazine includes 2-triazine, thiopheneincludes 2- and 3-thiophene, furan includes 2- and 3-furan, thiazoleincludes 2-, 4- and 5-thiazole, isothiazole includes 3-, 4- and5-isothiazole, oxazole includes 2-, 4- and 5-oxazole, isoxazole includes3-, 4- and 5-isoxazole, indole includes 1-, 2- and 3-indole, isoindoleincludes 1- and 2-isoindole, quinoline includes 2-, 3- and 4-quinoline,isoquinoline includes 1-, 3- and 4-isoquinoline, quinazoline includes 2-and 4-quinazoline, cinnoline includes 3- and 4-cinnoline, benzothiopheneincludes 2- and 3-benzothiophene, and benzofuran includes 2- and3-benzofuran.

Some heteroaryl groups include those having from 5 to 10 ring membersand from 1 to 3 ring atoms including N, O or S, such as pyrrole,pyridine, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, pyrazine, pyrimidine,pyridazine, triazine (1,2,3-, 1,2,4- and 1,3,5-isomers), thiophene,furan, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, indole, isoindole,quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, quinazoline, phthalazine,cinnoline, benzothiophene, and benzofuran. Other heteroaryl groupsinclude those having from 5 to 8 ring members and from 1 to 3heteroatoms, such as pyrrole, pyridine, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole,pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, triazine (1,2,3-, 1,2,4- and1,3,5-isomers), thiophene, furan, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, andisoxazole. Some other heteroaryl groups include those having from 9 to12 ring members and from 1 to 3 heteroatoms, such as indole, isoindole,quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, quinazoline, phthalazine,cinnoline, benzothiophene, benzofuran and bipyridine. Still otherheteroaryl groups include those having from 5 to 6 ring members and from1 to 2 ring atoms including N, O or S, such as pyrrole, pyridine,imidazole, pyrazole, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, thiophene, furan,thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, and isoxazole.

Some heteroaryl groups include from 5 to 10 ring members and onlynitrogen heteroatoms, such as pyrrole, pyridine, imidazole, pyrazole,triazole, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, triazine (1,2,3-, 1,2,4- and1,3,5-isomers), indole, isoindole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline,quinazoline, phthalazine, and cinnoline. Other heteroaryl groups includefrom 5 to 10 ring members and only oxygen heteroatoms, such as furan andbenzofuran. Some other heteroaryl groups include from 5 to 10 ringmembers and only sulfur heteroatoms, such as thiophene andbenzothiophene. Still other heteroaryl groups include from 5 to 10 ringmembers and at least two heteroatoms, such as imidazole, pyrazole,triazole, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, triazine (1,2,3-, 1,2,4- and1,3,5-isomers), thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, quinoxaline,quinazoline, phthalazine, and cinnoline.

As used herein, the terms “halo” and “halogen” refer to fluorine,chlorine, bromine, iodine, and monovalent radicals thereof.

As used herein, the term “acyl,” by itself or as part of anothersubstituent, refers to a radical containing an alkyl group, as definedherein, bound to the carbon atom of a carbonyl group, the carbonylcarbon atom further being the point of attachment of the radical.

As used herein, the term “amino,” by itself or as a part of anothersubstituent, refers to a radical containing a nitrogen atom bound to twoor three atoms selected from hydrogen and carbon, the nitrogen atomfurther being the point of attachment of the radical.

As used herein, the term “amido,” by itself or as part of anothersubstituent, refers to a radical containing an acyl group, as definedherein, bound to the nitrogen atom of an amino group, the carbonylcarbon atom or the nitrogen atom further being the point of attachmentof the radical.

As used herein, the term “composition” encompasses a product containingthe specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as anyproduct, which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of thespecified ingredients in the specified amounts. By “pharmaceuticallyacceptable” it is meant that a component of a composition such as acarrier, diluent, or excipient is compatible with the other ingredientsof the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.

As used herein, the “term pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” refersto a substance that aids the administration of an active agent to andabsorption by a subject. Pharmaceutical excipients useful in the presentinvention include, but are not limited to, binders, fillers,disintegrants, lubricants, coatings, sweeteners, flavors and colors. Oneof skill in the art will recognize that other pharmaceutical excipientsare useful in the present invention.

As used herein, the term “treating” refers to any indicia of success inthe treatment or amelioration of an injury, pathology, condition, orsymptom (e.g., pain), including any objective or subjective parametersuch as abatement; remission; diminishing of symptoms or making thesymptom, injury, pathology or condition more tolerable to the patient;decreasing the frequency or duration of the symptom or condition; or, insome situations, preventing the onset of the symptom or condition. Thetreatment or amelioration of symptoms can be based on any objective orsubjective parameter including, e.g., the result of a physicalexamination.

As used herein, the term “administering” refers to oral, topical,parenteral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intralesional,intranasal, subcutaneous, or intrathecal administration to a subject, aswell administration as a suppository or the implantation of aslow-release device, e.g., a mini-osmotic pump, in the subject.

As used herein, the “term effective amount” refers to a dose thatproduces a therapeutic effect for which it is administered. The exactdose will depend on the purpose of the treatment, and will beascertainable by one skilled in the art using known techniques (see,e.g., Lieberman, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (vols. 1-3, 1992); Lloyd,The Art, Science and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding (1999);Pickar, Dosage Calculations (1999); and Remington: The Science andPractice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition, 2003, Gennaro, Ed., Lippincott,Williams & Wilkins).

As used herein, the term “beta-arrestin pathway” refers to a signalingcascade characterized by one or more steps including, but not limitedto, binding of beta-arrestin to nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Src andactivation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation via the β2-adrenergic receptor.

As used herein, the term “G-protein pathway” refers to a signalingcascade characterized by one or more steps including, but not limitedto, activation of the pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive inhibitory G(G_(i/o)) protein, stimulation of adenylyl cyclase via G_(s), andphosphorylation and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs).

III. Compounds

In a first aspect, the invention provides a compound having: a) a CB₁receptor-binding moiety, and b) a directing moiety. The CB₁receptor-binding moiety interacts in a non-covalent manner with one ormore amino acid residues selected from the group consisting ofA6.53(361), I6.54(362), Y6.57(365), D6.58(366), K(370), M(371), N(372),K(373), L(374), I(375), K(376), and F7.35(379) of the CB₁ receptor, andthe directing moiety prevents binding of the compound to one more aminoacid residues selected from the group consisting of P6.50(358),A6.53(361), I6.54(362), Y6.57(365), M(371), F7.35(379), C7.38(382), andS7.39(383) of the CB₁ receptor.

In some embodiments, the compound has the Formula I:

For compounds of Formula I:

-   -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, nitro,        and acetyl;    -   R² is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₀₋₄        alkyl-C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, and C₀₋₄ alkyl-C₆₋₁₀ aryl,    -   R³ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₃-C₁₂ alkyl,        C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, 4- to 8-membered heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl,        and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl;    -   W is selected from the group consisting of N and CR^(1a),        wherein R^(1a) is selected from the group consisting of H and        R¹;    -   X is selected from the group consisting of 0, C═O, and NR⁴,        wherein R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of H and C₁₋₆        alkyl;    -   Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independently selected from the group        consisting of N and CH;    -   Z is selected from the group consisting of O, CH₂, and NR⁴,        wherein R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of H and C₁₋₆        alkyl;    -   subscript t is 0 when W is CR^(1a) and R^(1a) is R¹;    -   subscript t is 1 when W is N or when W is CR^(1a) and R^(1a) is        H; and    -   L is selected from the group consisting of

-   -   wherein    -   R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently selected from the group        consisting of H and OH, provided that at least one of R⁵ and R⁶        is H and at least one of R⁷ and R⁸ is H, or    -   one of R⁵ and R⁶ is taken together with one of R⁷ and R⁸ to form        a 5- to 6-membered saturated carbocyclic or heterocyclic group,        or    -   R⁵ and R⁷ are absent and R⁶ and R⁸ are taken together to form a        5- to 6-membered unsaturated carbocyclic or heterocyclic group,        and    -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected from the group consisting        of H and OH, provided that at least of R⁹ and R¹⁰ is H, and;    -   provided that if R² is C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are H,        and Y¹, Y², and Y³ are CH, then R³ is selected from the group        consisting of C₃-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, 4- to 8-membered        heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl.

In some embodiments, the compound has the formula:

In some embodiments, the compound has the formula:

-   -   wherein L is selected from the group consisting of

-   -   wherein R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently selected from the        group consisting of H and OH, provided that at least one of R⁵        and R⁶ is H and at least one of R⁷ and R⁸ is H, and    -   R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected from the group consisting        of H and OH, provided that at least of R⁹ and R¹⁰ is H.

In some embodiments, the compound has the formula:

In some embodiments, the compound has the formula:

In some embodiments, the compound has a formula selected from the groupconsisting of:

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein    -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of Cl and F; and    -   R³ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,        and 4- to 8-membered heterocyclyl.

In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consistingof:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consistingof:

-   -   (S)-5-chloro-3-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-2-(4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxamide;

-   -   (R)-5-chloro-3-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-2-(4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxamide;

-   -   5-chloro-N-(2-cyclopropyl-4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenethyl)-3-ethyl-1H-indole-2-carboxamide;        and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound has the formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound has the formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound has the formula:

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein    -   R¹ is selected from the group consisting of C1 and F; and    -   R³ is selected from the group consisting of H, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,        and 4- to 8-membered heterocyclyl.

In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consistingof:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound has the formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein U is selectedfrom the group consisting of S and O.

In some embodiments, the compound has the formula:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound is selected from the group consistingof:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

IV. Methods of Making Compounds

In a related aspect, the invention provides a method of making compoundshaving a CB₁ receptor-binding moiety and a directing moiety as describedherein. In some embodiments, the invention provides methods of makingcompounds of formula II:

In some embodiments, the methods for making compounds of formula IIinclude forming a reaction containing an acid of formula III and anamine of formula IV under conditions sufficient to form a compound offormula II.

In some embodiments, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ of compound IV are H. In someembodiments, the methods for making the compounds of the inventioninclude contacting an aldehyde IVa with a cyclic amine under conditionssufficient to form a compound of formula IVb and converting the compoundof formula IVb to a compound of formula IVc. For compounds of formulaIVa and formula IVb, LG¹ and LG² are leaving groups that are suitablefor displacement with reactants to form compounds of formula IVb andIVc. For example, LG¹ and LG² can be, but are not limited to, halogens(such as fluoride, chloride, bromide, or iodide), a tosylate, atriflate, a mesylate, or the like. Formation of compounds IVb and IVccan be promoted using catalysts such as acids, bases, and transitionmetals, among others. In certain embodiments, a compound of formula IVbis combined with a boronic acid, a palladium source such as palladiumacetate or the like, and a ligand such as tricyclohexylphosphine,triphenylphosphine, or the like, under conditions sufficient to form acompound of Formula IVc. In some embodiments, a compound of formula IVcis contacted with diazomethane under conditions sufficient to form anolefin of formula IVd, which is reduced to form an amine of formula IVe.Amines of formula IVe can be reacted with acids of formula III toprovide the compounds of the invention.

In some embodiments, R⁵ and R⁶ of compound IV are H and R⁷ or R⁸ ofcompound IV is OH. In some embodiments, the methods for making thecompounds of the invention include forming a reaction mixture contactingan epoxide IVf with a protected amine under conditions sufficient toform an amino-alcohol of formula IVg. The epoxide can be reactedasymmetrically so as to provide a desired enantiomer of theamino-alcohol. Stereoselective epoxide opening can be conducted, forexample, using a metal-salen catalyst such as a cobalt-salen complex.For compounds of formula IVf and formula IVg, LG³ is a suitable leavinggroup that can be displaced with a cyclic amine to provide compounds offormula IVh. LG³ can be, but is not limited to, a halogen (such asfluoride, chloride, bromide, or iodide), a tosylate, a triflate, amesylate, or the like. For compounds of formula IVg and IVh, PG is aprotecting group. A number of amine protecting groups are known in theart, as described, for example, in Protective Groups in OrganicSynthesis, 4^(th) Ed. (T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, John Wiley &Sons, New York, 2006). In some embodiments, acid-labile protectinggroups such as tert-butoxycarbonyl are used in the methods of theinvention. Protected amines of formula IVh can be deprotected andreacted with acids of formula III to provide further compounds of theinvention.

In some embodiments, R⁵ and R⁷ of Compound IV are absent and R⁶ and R⁸are taken together to form a 5- to 6-membered unsaturated heterocyclicgroup. In some embodiments, the methods for making the compounds of theinvention include reducing an azido-heterocycle of formula IVi to forman amino-heterocycle of formula IVj and subsequent cross-coupling withboronate ester IVk to form an amine according to formula IVl.

The starting materials and reagents used in preparing the compounds ofthe invention are either available from commercial suppliers or areprepared by methods known to those skilled in the art followingprocedures set forth in references such as Fieser and Fieser's Reagentsfor Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-17 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); Rodd'sChemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5 and Supplementals (ElsevierScience Publishers, 1989); Organic Reactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wileyand Sons, 1991), March's Advanced Organic Chemistry, (John Wiley andSons, 4th Edition) and Larock's Comprehensive Organic Transformations(VCH Publishers Inc., 1989).

The starting materials and the intermediates of the reaction can beisolated and purified if desired using conventional techniquesincluding, but not limited to, filtration, distillation,crystallization, chromatography and the like. Such materials can becharacterized using conventional means, including measuring physicalconstants and obtaining spectral data.

Unless specified to the contrary, the reactions described herein takeplace at atmospheric pressure over a temperature range of from about−78° C. to about 150° C. For example, reactions can be conducted at fromabout 0° C. to about 125° C., or at about room (or ambient) temperature,e.g., about 20° C. In some embodiments, reactions are conducted at about0° C., 20° C., 25° C., 90° C., 100° C., 110° C., or 120° C. In someembodiments, reactions are conducted starting at a temperature of about0° C., and allowed to warm to a temperature of about 20° C. or about 25°C. One of skill in the art will appreciate that various modifications tothe procedures described herein can be made.

V. Pharmaceutical Compositions

In another aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound of the invention as described above and one ormore pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

The pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared by any of the methodswell known in the art of pharmacy and drug delivery. In general, methodsof preparing the compositions include the step of bringing the activeingredient into association with a carrier containing one or moreaccessory ingredients. The pharmaceutical compositions are typicallyprepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active ingredient intoassociation with a liquid carrier or a finely divided solid carrier orboth, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desiredformulation. The compositions can be conveniently prepared and/orpackaged in unit dosage form.

The pharmaceutical compositions can be in the form of a sterileinjectable aqueous or oleaginous solutions and suspensions. Sterileinjectable preparations can be formulated using non-toxicparenterally-acceptable vehicles including water, Ringer's solution, andisotonic sodium chloride solution, and acceptable solvents such as1,3-butanediol. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionallyemployed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any blandfixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. Inaddition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation ofinjectables.

Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in admixture withexcipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Suchexcipients include, but are not limited to: suspending agents such assodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose,oleagino-propylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone,gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents such aslecithin, polyoxyethylene stearate, and polyethylene sorbitanmonooleate; and preservatives such as ethyl, n-propyl, andp-hydroxybenzoate.

Oily suspensions can be formulated by suspending the active ingredientin a vegetable oil, for example, arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil orcoconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oilysuspensions can contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hardparaffin or cetyl alcohol. These compositions can be preserved by theaddition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.

Dispersible powders and granules (suitable for preparation of an aqueoussuspension by the addition of water) can contain the active ingredientin admixture with a dispersing agent, wetting agent, suspending agent,or combinations thereof. Additional excipients can also be present.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can also be in the formof oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase can be a vegetable oil, forexample olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for example liquidparaffin or mixtures of these. Suitable emulsifying agents can benaturally-occurring gums, such as gum acacia or gum tragacanth;naturally-occurring phospholipids, such as soy lecithin; esters orpartial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, such assorbitan monooleate; and condensation products of said partial esterswith ethylene oxide, such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.

Pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of the invention canalso be in a form suitable for oral use. Suitable compositions for oraladministration include, but are not limited to, tablets, troches,lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules,emulsions, hard or soft capsules, syrups, elixirs, solutions, buccalpatches, oral gels, chewing gums, chewable tablets, effervescentpowders, and effervescent tablets. Compositions for oral administrationcan be formulated according to any method known to those of skill in theart. Such compositions can contain one or more agents selected fromsweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents, antioxidants, andpreserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant andpalatable preparations.

Tablets generally contain the active ingredient in admixture withnon-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, including: inertdiluents, such as cellulose, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, calciumcarbonate, sodium carbonate, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, lactose,calcium phosphate, and sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegratingagents, such as corn starch and alginic acid; binding agents, such aspolyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), cellulose, polyethylene glycol (PEG),starch, gelatin, and acacia; and lubricating agents such as magnesiumstearate, stearic acid, and talc. The tablets can be uncoated or coated,enterically or otherwise, by known techniques to delay disintegrationand absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide asustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delaymaterial such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate can beemployed. Tablets can also be coated with a semi-permeable membrane andoptional polymeric osmogents according to known techniques to formosmotic pump compositions for controlled release.

Compositions for oral administration can be formulated as hard gelatincapsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert soliddiluent (such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, or kaolin), or assoft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with wateror an oil medium (such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil).

Compounds of the invention can also be administered topically as asolution, ointment, cream, gel, suspension, eye-drops, and the like.Still further, transdermal delivery of compounds of the invention can beaccomplished by means of iontophoretic patches and the like. Thecompound can also be administered in the form of suppositories forrectal administration of the drug. These compositions can be prepared bymixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solidat ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and willtherefore melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials includecocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.

In some embodiments, a compound of the invention is administered viaintraperitoneal injection. In some embodiments, the compound isadministered orally.

In a related aspect, the invention provides a kit having apharmaceutical composition as described above and instructions for use.

VI. In Vitro (In Silico) Methods

In a related aspect, the invention provides a computer program forsearching a compound database comprising a plurality of entries, eachentry corresponding to a surface representation of a TMH6 and TMH7binding pocket of the CB1 receptor and CWXP hinge region of the CB1receptor; said program including a means for calculating the averagedistance between the surfaces of the TMH6 and TMH7 binding pocket, theCWXP hinge region and a target compound; and comparing the averagedistances.

III.A ORG27569 Binding and Signaling at the Cannabinoid CB₁ Receptor.ORG27569 High Binding Mode

Our molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have shown that ORG27569 canenter the cannabinoid CB₁ receptor via the lipid bilayer by insertingbetween transmembrane helix (TMH) 6 and TMH7. ORG27569 enters “High,”near the extracellular ends of these helices and the extracellular(EC)-3 loop closes down over ORG27569 (see FIG. 2A). This produces achange in the intracellular (IC) domains of the receptor (movement ofthe IC end of TMH7 away from the IC end of TMH2) that is consistent witha beta-arrestin signaling event. {Liu, J. J., Horst, R., Katritch, V.,Stevens, R. C., and Wuthrich, K. (2012) “Biased signaling pathways inbeta2-adrenergic receptor characterized by 19F-NMR.” Science 335,1106-1110} The IC opening that is formed in our simulations is largeenough to accommodate docking of beta-arrestin with CB1. These resultsare consistent with the report that ORG27569 can signal viabeta-arrestin 1. {Ahn, K. H., Mahmoud, M. M., Shim, J. Y., and Kendall,D. A. (2013) “Distinct roles of beta-arrestin 1 and beta-arrestin 2 inORG27569-induced biased signaling and internalization of the cannabinoidreceptor 1 (CB1).” J Biol Chem 288, 9790-9800}

In this High binding mode, the residues lining the binding pocketbetween TMH6 and TMH7 and including the EC-3 loop are defined byA6.53(361), I6.54(362), Y6.57(365), D6.58(366), K(370), M(371), N(372),K(373), L(374), I(375), K(376), F7.35(379) as shown in FIG. 2A. Theresidues are in contact with ORG for 890 ns in the molecular dynamicssimulation while ORG is bound. Prior to the EC-3 loop descending downonto the indole NH and the amide carbonyl oxygen of ORG, the predominantinteraction sites were the TMH6-7 residues listed above for the first 93ns of the bound state. Measurements below were for the entire 890 ns ofbinding. Average distances from binding residue C-alpha (CA) carbons toORG27569 are listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Indole N1 Nitrogen TMH6 Y6.57 C-alpha = 5.9 Å (min = 4.4 Å, max= 9.1 Å) SD = 0.7 Å EC3 K(370) C-alpha = 5.7 Å (min = 3.5 Å, max = 11.5Å) SD = 1.3 Å EC3 K(373) C-alpha = 5.6 Å (min = 4.1 Å, max = 10.7 Å) SD= 1.0 Å EC3 L(374) C-alpha = 5.0 Å (min = 3.5 Å, max = 10.6 Å) SD = 1.3Å Amide Carbonyl Carbon EC3 M(371) C-alpha = 6.7 Å (min = 4.3 Å, max =12.9 Å) SD = 1.6 Å EC3 N(372) C-alpha = 7.0 Å (min = 4.5 Å, max = 14.7Å) SD = 1.9 Å Indole C3 Carbon (where the ethyl moiety is Attached) TMH6A6.53 C-alpha = 6.8 Å (min = 5.1 Å, max = 9.1 Å) SD = 0.8 Å EC3 I(375)C-alpha = 5.0 Å (min = 3.9 Å, max = 8.5 Å) SD = 0.8 Å TMH7 F7.35 C-alpha= 7.5 Å (min = 5.8 Å, max = 10.7 Å) SD = 0.8 Å Indole C5 Carbon (wherechlorine is Attached) TMH6 I6.54 C-alpha = 5.2 Å (min = 3.9 Å, max = 8.7Å) SD = 0.8 Å TMH6 D6.58 C-alpha = 5.1 Å (min = 4.1 Å, max = 8.3 Å) SD =0.6 Å EC3 K(376) C-alpha = 4.5 Å (min = 3.4 Å, max = 7.8 Å) SD = 0.7 Å

The overall shape of the ligand when bound is a low energy, foldedconformation. The center dihedral conferring the ability to fold orstraighten is located between the amide group and the phenyl ring. Whenbound in the High binding mode, the dihedral is in a gaucheconformation. The average distance between the indole C3 position andthe piperidine nitrogen is 7.1 Å with a SD=0.5 Å.

ORG27569 Forced Low Binding Mode

We have found that forcing ORG27569 to enter the CB₁ receptor one turnlower on TMH6 and TMH7 results in a conformational change in the ICdomains of the receptor that lead to breakage of theR3.50(214)/D6.30(338) ionic lock—a hallmark of G-Protein activation.{Hurst, D. P., Grossfield, A., Lynch, D. L., Feller, S., Romo, T. D.,Gawrisch, K., Pitman, M. C., and Reggio, P. H. (2010) “A lipid pathwayfor ligand binding is necessary for a cannabinoid G protein-coupledreceptor.” J Biol Chem 285, 17954-17964} The residues lining the “Low”binding mode pocket between TMH6 and 7 are defined by P6.50(358),A6.53(361), I6.54(362), Y6.57(365), M(371), F7.35(379), C7.38(382), andS7.39(383) as shown in FIG. 2B. P6.50(358) is part of the highlyconserved CWXP motif in Class A GPCRs. Interaction with this flexiblehinge region is associated with G-protein activation. The residues arein contact with ORG for 105 ns (entire simulation time) in the MDsimulation. During this period defined by the Low binding mode, theaverage distances from binding residue CA carbons to ORG27569 are listedin Table 2.

TABLE 2 Indole C5 Carbon (where chlorine is attached) TMH6 P6.50 C-alpha= 4.8 Å (min = 3.9 Å, max = 6.6 Å) SD = 0.5 Å TMH6 I6.54 C-alpha = 4.9 Å(min = 4.0 Å, max = 6.0 Å) SD = 0.4 Å TMH7 F7.35 C-alpha = 4.4 Å (min =3.7 Å, max = 5.5 Å) SD = 0.3 Å TMH7 C7.38 C-alpha = 5.8 Å (min = 5.2 Å,max = 7.7 Å) SD = 0.4 Å TMH7 S7.39 C-alpha = 6.2 Å (min = 4.8 Å, max =8.2 Å) SD = 0.5 Å Indole C3 Carbon (where the ethyl moiety is attached)TMH6 A6.53 C-alpha = 5.3 Å (min = 4.7 Å, max = 6.5 Å) SD = 0.3 Å IndoleN1 Nitrogen TMH6 Y6.57 C-alpha = 6.1 Å (min = 4.7 Å, max = 9.4 Å) SD =0.6 Å EC3 M(371) C-alpha = 8.1 Å (min = 6.7 Å, max = 9.9 Å) SD = 0.6 Å

The overall shape of ORG is extended with the central dihedral in transthat confers folded versus extended shapes. When the molecule isunfolded, or straight, the average distance between the indole C3position and the piperidine nitrogen is 10.8 Å with a SD=0.4 Å.

We have shown previously for the Cannabinoid CB2 receptor that ligandentry via the lipid bilayer between TMH6 and TMH7 results in activationof CB2. {Hurst, D. P., Grossfield, A., Lynch, D. L., Feller, S., Romo,T. D., Gawrisch, K., Pitman, M. C., and Reggio, P. H. (2010) A lipidpathway for ligand binding is necessary for a cannabinoid Gprotein-coupled receptor. J Biol Chem 285, 17954-17964}. Here we havefound that ORG27569 enters the CB₁ receptor from lipid also between TMH6and TMH7. The entry point is high (top turn of TMH6/TMH7) and the resultis a conformational change associated with beta-arrestin biasedsignaling. Forcing ORG27569 to enter lower, results in theconformational change associated with G-protein signaling. Withoutwishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that theTMH6/TMH7 interface is a “tunable” port wherein the signal or signalssent from the port are directly related to the height of ligand entryfrom the lipid bilayer.

A series of molecular dynamics simulations were conducted with a fullyhydrated POPC phospholipid bilayer, containing the CB1 receptor andfourteen ORG27569 molecules (seven in each leaflet). ORG27569 moleculesinteracted freely with the lipid bilayer and CB1 during the simulations.

The “bent” series of ORG27569 analogs were designed from studying theinteractions of ORG27569 found in our molecular dynamics simulations.ORG27569, due to inherent lipophilicity, was observed to partition intothe lipid bilayer readily from water. The lipid bilayer's uniqueproperty of hydrophilic headgroups and a hydrophobic core can orientlipophilic ligands and present specific conformations of such ligands toa receptor with lipid facing entry portals such as the CB1 and CB2receptors, rhodopsin, and the S1P₁ receptors. The exposed hydrophiliccarbonyl oxygen and indole N—H in ORG27569 were observed to interactmainly with phospholipid head groups. Simultaneously, the indole 5position chlorine and 3 position ethyl substituent preferred to interactwith the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer, forcing an orientationof the indole that was perpendicular to the plane of the lipid bilayer.The phenyl piperidine tail of ORG27569 also preferred to interact withthe hydrophobic core of the bilayer. We found that taking all theseinteractions into consideration, ligand design should promote and notinterfere with this typical orientation of ORG27569 in the lipidbilayer.

ORG27569 binding to the TMH6/TMH7 interface of CB1 yielded showed thatthe indole ring's orientation in the bound conformation was very similarto the unbound conformation in the lipid bilayer. We already hadconfirmed that a folded conformation of ORG27569 was the lowest energyconformation, and the observations from the MD simulations demonstratedthat the folded conformation was preferred when the ligand bound to thereceptor. At the TMH6/TMH7 site, the fused ring structure of ORG27569has hydrophobic interactions with Y6.57 and 17.31 which flank the sidesof the ligand and F7.35(383) which forms the floor of the binding site.The substituents on the indole ring and the carboxamide group havehydrogen bonding interactions with EC-3 loop residue backbone atoms(particularly an N(372)N—H interaction with the carboxamide oxygen onORG27569). In the folded conformation, the piperidine ring of the ligandinteracts with P6.50 and A6.53, while the ligand phenyl ring packsagainst the ligand.

“Bent” compounds of the present invention were designed such that thehydrophilic regions of the ligand were able to interact withphospholipid headgroups in the unbound state and the hydrophilic regionsof the CB1 receptor in the bound state, without requiring a major ligandconformational change upon binding. For the “bent” compounds describedhere, a scaffold was sought that rigidified the molecule into apermanently folded state such that the hydrophilic carbonyl oxygen andindole N—H were directed away from the phenyl piperidine tail. Insertionof a cyclic moiety, such as furan ring, into the ethyl linker betweenthe amide and phenyl groups created a more rigid folded scaffold.Attaching the carboxamide group at the furan 3 position and the phenylpiperidine tail at the furan 4 provided a permanently folded compound asshown in Formula A.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides a method of identifying aselective agonist of the beta-arrestin pathway over the G-proteinpathway. Thus in another group of embodiments, the invention provides amethod of identifying a selective agonist of the beta-arrestin pathwayover the G-protein pathway comprising: creating a query using one ormore descriptors that each represent the surface of a TMH6 and TMH7binding pocket of the CB1 receptor and a CWXP hinge region of the CB1receptor; and identifying compounds where the smallest average distancebetween the TMH6 surface and the compound is from about 0.2 angstroms(Å) to about 16 Å and the average distance between the surfaces of theCWXP hinge region and the compound is from about 0.8 Å to about 12 Å. Insome embodiments, the method includes identifying compounds where thesmallest average distance between the TMH6 surface and the compound isfrom about 0.6 Å to about 14.7 Å and the average distance between thesurfaces of the CWXP hinge region and the compound is from about 1.1 Åto about 9.9 Å. In some embodiments, the method includes identifyingcompounds where the smallest average distance between the TMH6 surfaceand the compound is from about 3.4 Å to about 14.7 Å. In someembodiments, the method includes identifying compounds where the averagedistance between the surfaces of the CWXP hinge region and the compoundis from about 3.7 Å to about 9.9 Å. In some embodiments, the methodincludes identifying compounds where the smallest average distancebetween the TMH6 surface and the compound is from about 0.6 Å to about3.0 Å. In some embodiments, the method includes identifying compoundswhere the average distance between the surfaces of the CWXP hinge regionand the compound is from about 1.1 Å to about 2.8 Å.

In some embodiments, determining the smallest average distance betweenthe TMH6 surface and the compound includes determining the distancebetween the bridge carbon nearest to the N1 nitrogen of the indolemoiety in the compound and the C-beta atom of Y6.57(365) in TMH6. Insome embodiments, determining the average distance between the surfacesof the CWXP hinge region and the compound includes determining thedistance between C4 carbon atom of the indole moiety in the compound andthe C-alpha carbon of P6.50(358) in TMH6.

In some embodiments, the method includes identifying a compound thatbinds in a non-covalent manner with one or more CB₁ receptor amino acidresidues selected from the group consisting of A6.53(361), I6.54(362),Y6.57(365), D6.58(366), K(370), M(371), N(372), K(373), L(374), I(375),K(376), and F7.35(379); and determining that the compound does not bindto one more CB₁ receptor amino acid residues selected from the groupconsisting of P6.50(358), A6.53(361), I6.54(362), Y6.57(365), M(371),F7.35(379), C7.38(382), and S7.39(383).

In some embodiments, identifying a compound that binds in a non-covalentmanner with one or more CB₁ receptor amino acid residues selected fromthe group consisting of A6.53(361), I6.54(362), Y6.57(365), D6.58(366),K(370), M(371), N(372), K(373), L(374), I(375), K(376), and F7.35(379)includes determining that the compound does not affect GTP-gamma-Sbinding in cells. In some embodiments, identifying a compound that bindsin a non-covalent manner with one or more CB₁ receptor amino acidresidues selected from the group consisting of A6.53(361), I6.54(362),Y6.57(365), D6.58(366), K(370), M(371), N(372), K(373), L(374), I(375),K(376), and F7.35(379) includes determining that the compound doespromotes pERK production in cells.

VII. Methods of Treatment

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of inhibiting apathway modulated in part by CB₁ receptor activity comprising the stepof contacting a cell with a compound of the invention as describedabove.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating acondition or disorder mediated in part by CB₁ receptor activity in apatient in need thereof, the method comprising administering to thepatient an effective amount of a compound of the invention as describedabove. The methods of the invention can be used to treat a number ofconditions including, but not limited to, metabolic syndromes such astype 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity; eating disorders;cardiovascular diseases or disorders such as hypertension, congestiveheart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, peripheral artery disease,atherosclerosis, stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiotoxicityassociated with chemotherapy; fatty liver disease (steatohepatitis) andnon-alcoholic fatty liver disease; kidney disease; diseases or disorderscharacterized by an addiction component such as smoking addiction orwithdrawal, alcohol addiction or withdrawal, and drug addiction orwithdrawal; bone diseases or disorders such as osteoporosis, Paget'sdisease of bone, and bone cancer; breast cancer; inflammatory diseasesor autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory boweldisease, and psoriasis; psychiatric diseases or disorders such asanxiety, mania, schizophrenia; and disorders or diseases associated withmemory impairment and/or loss of cognitive function such as Parkinson'sdisease, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia.

In some embodiments, the cannabinoid-mediated condition is selected fromthe group consisting of glaucoma, pain, nausea, neurodegeneration, andappetite loss.

The compounds can be administered at any suitable dose in the methods ofthe invention. In general, the compounds are administered at a doseranging from about 0.1 milligrams to about 1000 milligrams per kilogramof a subject's body weight (i.e., about 0.1-1000 mg/kg). The dose of acompound can be, for example, about 0.1-1000 mg/kg, or about 1-500mg/kg, or about 25-250 mg/kg, or about 50-100 mg/kg. The dose can beabout 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70,75, 85, 90, 95, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600,650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950 or 1000 mg/kg.

The dosages can be varied depending upon the requirements of thepatient, the severity of the disorder being treated, and the particularformulation being administered. The dose administered to a patientshould be sufficient to result in a beneficial therapeutic response inthe patient. The size of the dose will also be determined by theexistence, nature, and extent of any adverse side-effects that accompanythe administration of the drug in a particular patient. Determination ofthe proper dosage for a particular situation is within the skill of thetypical practitioner. The total dosage can be divided and administeredin portions over a period of time suitable to treat to the condition ordisorder.

Administration can be conducted for a period of time which will varydepending upon the nature of the particular disorder, its severity andthe overall condition of the patient. Administration can be conducted,for example, hourly, every 2 hours, three hours, four hours, six hours,eight hours, or twice daily including every 12 hours, or any interveninginterval thereof. Administration can be conducted once daily, or onceevery 36 hours or 48 hours, or once every month or several months.Following treatment, a patient can be monitored for changes in his orher condition and for alleviation of the symptoms of the disorder. Thedosage can either be increased in the event the patient does not respondsignificantly to a particular dosage level, or the dose can be decreasedif an alleviation of the symptoms of the disorder is observed, or if thedisorder has been ablated, or if unacceptable side effects are seen witha particular dosage.

A therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention can beadministered to the subject in a treatment regimen comprising intervalsof at least 1 hour, or 6 hours, or 12 hours, or 24 hours, or 36 hours,or 48 hours between dosages. Administration can be conducted atintervals of at least 72, 96, 120, 168, 192, 216, or 240 hours, or theequivalent amount of days. The dosage regimen can consist of two or moredifferent interval sets. For example, a first part of the dosage regimencan be administered to a subject multiple times daily, daily, everyother day, or every third day. The dosing regimen can start with dosingthe subject every other day, every third day, weekly, biweekly, ormonthly. The first part of the dosing regimen can be administered, forexample, for up to 30 days, such as 7, 14, 21, or 30 days. A subsequentsecond part of the dosing regimen with a different intervaladministration administered weekly, every 14 days, or monthly canoptionally follow, continuing for 4 weeks up to two years or longer,such as 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 26, 32, 40, 52, 63, 68, 78, or 104 weeks.Alternatively, if the disorder goes into remission or generallyimproves, the dosage may be maintained or kept at lower than maximumamount. If the condition or disorder relapses, the first dosage regimencan be resumed until an improvement is seen, and the second dosingregimen can be implemented again. This cycle can be repeated multipletimes as necessary.

Additional active agents or therapies can be co-administered orotherwise combined with the compounds of the present invention.Additional active agents and therapies suitable for use in the methodsof the invention include, but are not limited to, compounds used in thetreatment of type-2 diabetes and obesity, such as insulin and insulinanalogues, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, glucagon-likepeptide-1 analogues, hypoglycemic agents, such as alpha-glucosidaseinhibitors, biguanides, sulfonyl ureas, thiazolidinediones, weight losstherapies, such as appetite suppressing agents, serotonin reuptakeinhibitors, noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, β₃-adrenoceptor agonists,and lipase inhibitors. Compounds used in the treatment of cardiovasculardisease and dysfunction can also be used in the methods invention,including, but not limited to, diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II antagonists, beta-blockers, calciumantagonists, such as nifedipine, HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors, such asstatins, digoxin, aldosterone antagonists, and organic nitrates. Otherlipid modulating agents including, but not limited to, fibrates and bileacid-binding resins can be used in the methods of the invention. Thecompounds of the invention can be used with compounds used to assistsmoking cessation including, but not limited to, norepinephrine-dopaminereuptake inhibitors such as bupropion.

Compounds used in the treatment of bone diseases and disorders can beused in the methods of the invention. Such compounds include, but arenot limited to anti-resorptive agents such as bisphosphonates, anabolicagents such as parathyroid hormone, RANKL inhibitors such as denosumab;and estrogen replacement and selective estrogen receptor modulators suchas raloxifene. Compounds used in the treatment of breast cancer, such ascompounds which modulate tubulin polymerization, such as paclitaxel;targeted therapies, such as antibodies against specific cell surfacemarkers on tumor cells, such as antibodies against the HER2 oncoprotein,such as trastuzumab.

Compounds used in the treatment of a disease or disorder with aninflammatory or autoimmune component can be used in the methods of theinvention. Such compounds include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs); disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs such asimmunosuppressants; anti-TNF agents, such as infliximab, etanercept, andadalimumab; and anti B-cell therapies, such as rituximab.

Compounds used in the treatment of psychiatric diseases and disorderscan be used in the methods of the invention. Such compounds include asGABA_(A) modulators, such as benzodiazepines; 5HT_(1A) receptoragonists, such as buspirone; beta blockers; antipsychotics, such asdopamine receptor blockers and other drugs which modulate monoaminereceptors, transporters or metabolism, such as tricyclicantidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and monoamineoxidase inhibitors; lithium; and anti-epileptic drugs, such as thosewhich block sodium channels, those which block T-type calcium channels,or those which block GABA transaminase or reuptake, including phenytoin,carbamazepine, valproate and vigabatrin. Compounds used in the treatmentof a disease or disorder characterized by impairment of memory and/orloss of cognitive function can also be used in the methods of theinvention, including, but not limited to such dopamine agonists andanticholinesterases.

VIII. Examples Example 1. Synthesis of Compounds of the Invention

The syntheses of four analogs of ORG 27569, which were designed to testand evolve the computational model of the allosteric site of the hCB₁receptor, are described. These are the 2-hydroxylated enantiomericanalogs (compound 1 and compound 2), the 2-cyclopropylphenyl analog(compound 3), and the 3-benzylindole analog (compound 4). The synthesesinvolve coupling a modified 4-(1-piperidino)phenethylamine with thepreviously reported 5-chloro-3-ethyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid{Piscitelli, 2012} {Kotsikorou, 2013} or its similarly prepared 3-benzylanalog D7. Compound 1 and compound 2 enantiospecifically introducehydroxyl groups during the synthesis as discussed below.

The synthesis of compound 1, shown in Scheme A/B, started with a kineticresolution of racemic 2-(4-bromophenyl)oxirane A1 via ring opening witht-butylcarbamate A2 mediated via a chiral catalyst (R,R-salen) followingthe reported method. {Bartoli, 2004} This gave the chiral Boc protected(S)-aminoalcohol A3 in 42% yield and >99% enantiomeric excess(literature ee). The optical rotation (+46°) of the product matched thatreported for the reported (S)-aminoalcohol A3. Similarly, treatment ofA1 with (S,S-salen) provided the epimeric Boc protected (R)-aminoalcoholB3 that exhibited an optical rotation (−45°) supportive of thestereochemistry at the respective chiral carbons as S and Rrespectively. However, these literature assignments are based onanalogous data and trends with past salen chemistry and not on arigorous assignment (e.g. x-ray).

A second, independent, chiral synthesis of A3 was also examined via achiral CBS-oxazaborolidine reduction {Corey, 1998} wherein reduction ofketones is precedented to give the S-stereochemistry product from theS-oxazaborolidine. Thus, reduction of 4′-bromo-2-chloroacetophenone(A7), followed by amination with ammonia gave the amino alcohol A8 whichwas converted to the Boc protected amine A3. The product A3 from thissequence afforded an optical rotation (+42°) close to that of theR,R-salen product A3 above, adding support to the stereochemicalassignment.

Compound A8 from the CBS-oxazaborolidine reduction was catalyticallyreduced to remove the bromine and provide 2-hydroxy-2-phenethylamine.The optical rotation of the resulting product was measured and found toagree with authentic ((S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenethyl)amine from a commercialsource. This confirmed the desired stereochemistry of A3 and byextension of B3.

The synthesis was continued by Ullman amination of A3 from the salenroute with piperidine mediated with copper iodide, which provided A4 in33% yield. Treatment of A4 with trifluoroacetic acid cleaved the Bocgroup to afford the (S)-aminoalcohol A5 in 100% yield. The corresponding(R)-aminoalcohol B5 was prepared in the same manner.

The indole 2-carboxylic acid A6, prepared as referenced above, wascoupled to each of the amines A5 and B5 to afford the correspondingamides compound 1 and compound 2, respectively, in 65% yield. Theanalogs were characterized for purity by HPLC and identity by ¹H-NMR andhigh resolution mass spectrometry.

The 2-cyclopropylphenyl analog (compound 3) was prepared in five stepsstarting from commercially available 2-bromo-4-fluorobenzaldehyde C1(Scheme C). Displacement of fluoride from C1 with piperidine at elevatedtemperature provided the desired N-aryl piperidine C2 in 96% yield.

Suzuki coupling between the aryl bromide C2 and cyclopropyl boronic acidgave the cyclopropyl substituted benzaldehyde C3 that was subjected tothe Henry Reaction with nitromethane under dehydrating conditions toyield nitroalkene C4 in 63% yield. Reduction of C4 using lithiumaluminum hydride provided the amine C5 in 73% yield. Coupling C5 andindole carboxylic acid A6 with a carbodiimide provided a 44% yield ofthe desired indole amide compound 3. Crystallization provided a sampleof 99% purity (HPLC) for testing. High resolution mass spectrometry and¹H NMR spectroscopy supported the structural assignment.

The convergent synthesis of compound 4 couples amine D3 with indole acidD7 (Scheme D). Thus, commercially available 4-piperidinobenzaldhyde D1was heated with nitromethane in a Henry Reaction to give a 53% yield ofthe nitroalkene D2. Reduction of D2 with lithium aluminum hydrideprovided the amine D3 in 83% yield. The 3-benzyl indole acid D7 wasprepared from commercially available D4 in a manner similar to thatreported above for the 3-ethyl indole acid A6. Thus, benzoylation of D4with benzoyl chloride mediated by diethylaluminum chloride afforded D5(31%). Reduction of the keto moiety to the methylene group was effectedwith triethylsilane in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid to provideD6 in 95% yield. Saponification of D6 gave D7 (98%). Coupling D7 and D3with a carbodiimide gave the sought amide compound 4 (23%) afterchromatography that afforded crystals from one of the product containingfractions. High resolution mass spectrometry and ¹H NMR spectroscopysupported the structural assignment.

The syntheses of analogs of compound 3 involve coupling substitutedpyridylethylamines (E5a, E5b) with5-chloro-3-ethyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid E6 or coupling E5b with7-fluoro-3-ethyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid E8 (Scheme H). Commerciallyavailable 3-bromo-5-fluoro-2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde E1 can betransformed to E5a,b first by displacement of fluoride with piperidineor morpholine in DMF to yield E2a,b. Suzuki coupling of the latter withcyclopropyl boronic acid can afford E3a,b. A Henry reaction withnitromethane under dehydrating conditions can provide nitroalkenesE4a,b. Subsequent reduction with lithium aluminum hydride gives E5a,b(73% in phenyl analog). The 5-chloroindole E6 is prepared as previouslyreported. The 7-fluoroindole E8 is similarly prepared from commerciallyavailable E7 by acylation with acetyl chloride, reduction withtriethylsilane-trifluoroacetic acid, and hydrolysis with aqueous sodiumhydroxide. Finally, coupling the acid A6/E8 with the appropriate E5amine and suitable coupling reagents can be used to prepare the targetcompounds 5, 6, and 7.

Certain compounds of the invention are conformationally restrainedthrough a furan ring linked to the amide moiety that can be synthesizedfollowing the route shown in Scheme F. Constructing the substitutedfuran amines F5a,b for coupling to the ORG indole acid A6 can beapproached from various substituted furans or furan precursors accordingto known methods. For example, commercially available 3,4-dibromofuranF1 can be converted to the azido analog F2 by displacement of one of thebromides with sodium azide. Increased selectivity and reactivity can beobtained, if needed, by the known selective metal-halogen exchange of F1with t-butyl lithium followed by trapping with an iodine source (stepsa,b) followed by displacement with sodium azide, as demonstrated inexcellent yield for trapping with a boron source (F2 where N₃ isB(OR)₂). The azido moiety (F2) is reduced with hydrogen sulfide toprovide the corresponding amine F3. Suzuki coupling of F3 with theboronic acid (R═H) or borate esters F4a,b, commercially available as theN-phenyl-piperidine (X═CH₂) or -morpholine (X═O) analogs, provides theamino-furans F5a,b. Finally, condensation of F5a,b with previouslydescribed A6 will yield the target compounds 8 and 9. This route enablesversatility in the syntheses of the target compounds by allowing forvaried precursor furans (bromo, iodo, furanone), reaction sequences(condensation vs. coupling vs. displacement), and alternative couplingpartners (boronate furan with piperidino phenyl iodide).

EXPERIMENTAL General

Unless otherwise noted, all materials were obtained from commercialsuppliers and used without further purification. Anhydrous solvents wereobtained from Aldrich and used directly. All reactions involving air- ormoisture-sensitive reagents were performed under a nitrogen atmosphere.Analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out on platesprecoated with silica gel GHLF (250 μM thickness). TLC visualization wasaccomplished with a UV lamp. Silica gel chromatography was performedusing RediSep prepacked silica gel cartridges. HPLC analyses wereperformed using a Waters Emperor chromatography system comprised of a1525 Binary Pump, 2487 Dual 1 Absorbance Detector, and a 717 plusAutosampler using a Waters C-18 reverse phase XBridge column (5 m;4.6×100 mm; 254 nm; 1 mL/min). ¹H NMR spectra were run on a BrukerAdvance 300 MHz NMR spectrometer. Low resolution mass spectra were runon a Perkin-Elmer Sciex API 150 EX mass spectrometer outfitted with APCI(atmospheric pressure chemical ionization) or ESI (turbospray) sourcesin positive or negative modes. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)was performed using a Waters Synapt HDMS quadrupole time of flight(Q-TOF) mass spectrometer interfaced to a Waters Acquity UPLC system.HRMS data were acquired in negative electrospray MS resolution mode.

tert-Butyl N-[(2S)-2-(4-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]carbamate (A3)

To a 20-dram vial was added a stir bar, 4-nitrobenzoic acid (0.228 g,0.00135 mol),(R,R)-(−)-N,N′-Bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediaminocobalt(II)(0.510 g, 0.000844 mol) and methyl t-butyl ether (2.30 mL). The thickred solution was sonicated for 30 sec, capped (under air), then stirredat room temp until the thick solution became a dark brown color (about20 min). t-Butyl carbamate (0.918 g, 0.00768 mol) and methyl t-butylether (0.77 mL) were then added. The contents of the vial were sonicatedfor 30 sec, then allowed to stir at room temp for 5 min.2-(4-Bromophenyl)oxirane (3.50 g, 0.0169 mol) was then added in oneportion. The contents of the vial were sonicated for 30 sec, capped(under air), then stirred at room temp for 60 h. At this point thereaction was determined to be complete by TLC [MK6F SiO₂, 9:1CH₂Cl₂:EtOAc, phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) stain visualization]. Thesystem was evaporated in vacuo until a residue remained. The materialwas chromatographed on an ISCO Automated Chromatograph [220 g column;0-10% linear gradient EtOAc in CH₂Cl₂; crude dissolved in 100% CH₂Cl₂].The product-containing fractions were evaporated in vacuo,azeotropically evaporated with CH₂Cl₂ (3×50 mL) and high-vacuum dried toyield a tan solid (1.03 g, 42%, 13508-17-41). The NMR data obtainedmatched the published data. ¹H NMR (300 MHz; CDCl₃): δ 7.45-7.50 (m,2H), 7.23-7.27 (m, 2H), 4.90 (bs, 1H), 4.76-4.84 (m, 1H), 3.40-3.50 (m,1H), 3.28 (bs, 1H), 3.16-3.26 (m, 1H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

tert-Butyl N-[(2S)-2-hydroxy-2-[4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]ethyl]carbamate(A4)

To a glass vial was added tert-butylN-[(2S)-2-(4-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]carbamate (30 mg, 0.95 mmol),CuI (28 mg, 0.147 mmol, 15.5 mol %), L-proline (29 mg, 0.25 mmol, 26.5mol %), potassium carbonate (326 mg, 2.36 mmol, 2.5 eq), and anhydrousDMSO (2.5 mL). The vial was flushed with nitrogen and piperidine (0.36mL, 3.6 mmol, 3.8 eq) was added. The vial was sealed with a cap that wasequipped with a pressure-release safety septum and the stirred reactionmixture was heated at 90° C. for four days. The reaction mixture wasallowed to cool at room temperature and partitioned between water andEtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extractedwith EtOAc. The organic extracts were combined, washed with brine, dried(MgSO₄), filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated to give 0.34 g ofthe crude product as an oil. The crude product was combined with 0.11 gof crude product obtained from an earlier run of the reaction whereintert-butyl N-[(2S)-2-(4-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]carbamate (100 mg,0.32 mmol), CuI (8.4 mg, 0.044 mmol, 13.8 mol %), L-proline (8.5 mg,0.074 mmol, 23.0 mol %), potassium carbonate (97 mg, 0.70 mmol, 2.2 eq),anhydrous DMSO (0.67 mL) and piperidine (0.090 mL, 0.91 mmol, 2.8 eq)were employed. The crude product was purified by flash chromatographyover SiO₂ (24 g) with a Hex:EtOAc gradient (100:0 to 40:60) to give 135mg (33%) of the desired product as a pale peach solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz;CDCl₃): δ 7.23 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 4.90 (br s,1H), 4.73 (m, 1H), 3.43 (m, 1H), 3.25 (m, 1), 3.15 (m, 4H), 2.65 (br s,1H), 1.70 (m, 4H), 1.57 (m, 2H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

(1S)-2-Amino-1-[4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]ethan-1-ol (A5)

To a stirred solution of tert-butylN-[(2S)-2-hydroxy-2-[4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]ethyl]carbamate (126 mg,0.39 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was added dropwise trifluoroacetic acid(0.80 mL) under nitrogen at room temperature. After 1 h the reactionmixture was concentrated and the crude product was partitioned between15% NaOH and CH₂Cl₂. The layers were separated and the aqueous phase wasextracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic extracts were combined, washed withbrine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated to give 119 mg (>100%)of the crude product as a tan amorphous solid. The crude product wasused directly without further purification. ¹H NMR (300 MHz; DMSO-d₆): δ7.14 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.87 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.14 (br s, 1H), 4.36(br s, 1H), 3.08 (m, 4H), 2.63 (m, 2H), 1.60 (m, 4H), 1.53 (m, 2H). ESMS 221 (M+H)⁺, 203 (M+H−H₂O)⁺.

5-Chloro-3-ethyl-N-[(2S)-2-hydroxy-2-[4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]ethyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamide(compound 1)

Crude (1S)-2-amino-1-[4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]ethan-1-ol (0.39 mmol),5-chloro-3-ethyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid (90 mg, 0.40 mmol, 1 eq),1-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (min 20% H₂O) (96 mg, 0.57 mmol, 1.5 eq),triethylamine (0.16 mL, 1.15 mmol, 2.9 eq) and DMF (4 mL) were combinedand the solution was cooled in an ice-water bath under nitrogen. To thestirred cold solution was added1-ethyl-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (120 mg, 0.70mmol, 1.8 eq) followed by DMF (2 mL) and the reaction mixture wasallowed to warm to room temperature. After 4 d the solvent was removedin vacuo and the crude product was partitioned between saturated NaHCO₃and EtOAc. The organic phase was separated, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, andconcentrated to give a red solid (340 mg). Dichloromethane was added tothe solid and the suspension was filtered. The filtered red solid (85mg) was set aside and the filtrate was purified by flash chromatographyover SiO₂ (12 g), with a Hex:EtOAc gradient (100:0 to 30:70) to give anoff-white solid which was dried at 70° C. under high vacuum to give 20.5mg (12%) of pure desired product. Additional product was obtained byextraction of the above aqueous solution with EtOAc, adding the lesspure fractions of the above flash column as well as the filtered redsolid described above to give 92 mg of product that was 89% pureaccording to HPLC [HPLC Conditions: XBridge C-18 reverse phase column; 5m; 4.6×100 mm; 254 nm; 1 mL/min; CH₃CN:H₂O with 0.05% TFA (60:40).] ¹HNMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 60° C.): δ 11.29 (br s, 1H), 7.63 (m, 2H), 7.39(d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.17 (dd, J=2.3 Hz, 8.8 Hz,1H), 6.88 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 4.67 (dd, J=4.8 Hz, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.57 (dm,J=13.0 Hz, 1H), 3.36 (ddd, J=4.5 Hz, 7.5 Hz, 13.0 Hz, 1H), 3.11 (m, 4H),2.96 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.61 (m, 4H), 1.53 (m, 2H), 1.14 (t, J=7.5 Hz,3H). HRMS ES+ Calc. m/z for C₂₄H₂₉ClN₃O₂: 426.1943. Observed: 426.1941.

5-Chloro-3-ethyl-N-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-2-[4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]ethyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamide(Compound 2)

The title compound was prepared as described for compound 1 except forusing the enantiomeric catalyst(R,R)-(−)-N,N′-Bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediaminocobalt(II).The material was 98.3% pure by HPLC [HPLC Conditions: XBridge C-18reverse phase column; 5 μm; 4.6×100 mm; 254 nm; 1 mL/min; CH₃CN:H₂O with0.05% TFA (40:60).] ¹H NMR (300 MHz; DMSO-d₆): δ 11.42 (s, 1H), 7.83 (m,1H), 7.66 (m, 1H), 7.40 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.18(m, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 5.41 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (m, 1H),3.56 (m, 1H), 3.30 (m, 1H), 3.10 (m, 4H), 2.97 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.61(m, 4H), 1.53 (m, 2H), 1.12 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H). ES+ MS Calcd: 426.19(M+H)⁺. Found: 426.3. ES− MS Calcd: 424.19 (M−H)⁺. Found: 424.5. HRMSES+ Calc. m/z for C₂₄H₂₉C1N₃O₂: 426.1943. Observed: 426.19.

2-Bromo-4-(piperidin-1-yl)benzaldehyde (C2)

2-Bromo-4-fluorobenzaldehyde (2.0 g, 0.0099 mol), piperidine (1.03 mL,0.0104 mol, 1.05 eq), potassium carbonate (1.57 g, 0.0114 mol, 1.15 eq)and anhydrous DMF (20 mL) were combined and the stirred reaction mixturewas heated at 110° C. under nitrogen for 18 h. The reaction mixture wasallowed to cool at room temperature, concentrated, and partitionedbetween water and EtOAc. The organic phase was separated, washed withbrine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The crude product waspurified by flash chromatography over SiO₂ (40 g) with a hexane:EtOAcgradient (100:0 to 60:40) to give 2.55 g (96%) of the title compound asa yellow oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 10.07 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, J=8.9Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.40 (s, 4H),1.68 (s, 6H).

2-Cyclopropyl-4-(piperidin-1-yl)benzaldehyde (C3)

2-Bromo-4-(piperidin-1-yl)benzaldehyde (1.46 g) 0.00544 mol),cyclopropylboronic acid (0.732 g, 0.00852 mol, 1.56 eq),tricyclohexylphosphine (0.172 g, 0.00061 mol, 11.2 mol %), potassiumphosphate monohydrate (tribasic) (2.5 g, 0.0109 mol, 2 eq), toluene (23mL) and water (0.20 mL, 0.0111 mmol, 2 eq) were combined and the stirredmixture was heated at 100° C. under nitrogen. Palladium acetate (0.077g, 0.34 mmol, 6.3 mol %) was added to the reaction mixture and heatingwas continued for 5 h. The reaction mixture was allowed to standovernight at room temperature, filtered through a pad of celite, and thepad was washed with EtOAc. The filtrate was concentrated and the crudeproduct was purified by flash chromatography over SiO₂ (40 g) with ahexane:EtOAc gradient (100:0 to 60:40) to give 1.14 g (91%) of thedesired product as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 10.32 (s,1H), 7.71 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 3.37(s, 4H), 2.60 (m, 1H), 1.66 (s, 6H), 1.02 (m, 2H), 0.74 (m, 2H).

1-{3-Cyclopropyl-4-[(E)-2-nitroethenyl]phenyl}piperidine (C4)

2-Cyclopropyl-4-(piperidin-1-yl)benzaldehyde (1.1 g, 0.0048 mol),ammonium acetate (0.785 g, 0.0102 mol, 2.1 eq) and nitromethane (12 mL)were combined in a round bottom flask and the reaction mixture washeated at 100° C. under nitrogen for 4 h. The reaction mixture wasallowed to cool at room temperature, concentrated, and partitionedbetween saturated NaHCO₃ and EtOAc. The organic phase was separated,washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The crudeproduct was purified by flash chromatography over SiO₂ (40 g) with ahexane:EtOAc gradient (100:0 to 70:30) to give 0.81 g (62%) of thedesired product as a dark red-brown solid. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ8.60 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=8.8 Hz,1H), 6.71 (dd, J=2.6 Hz, 8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.34 (m,4H), 2.04 (m, 1H), 1.66 (s, 6H), 1.05 (m, 2H), 0.71 (m, 2H).

2-[2-Cyclopropyl-4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]ethan-1-amine (C5)

To a stirred solution of1-{3-cyclopropyl-4-[(E)-2-nitroethenyl]phenyl}piperidine (810 mg, 3mmol) in anhydrous THF (50 mL) was added dropwise lithium aluminumhydride (1 N in THF) (16 mL, 16 mmol, 5.3 eq) at room temperature undernitrogen. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for 1 h. Thereaction mixture was allowed to cool at room temperature and then cooledin an ice-water bath. To the stirred cold turbid mixture was addeddropwise water (0.6 mL), followed by 15% NaOH (0.6 mL) and finally water(1.8 mL). The quenched mixture was filtered through a pad of celite andthe pad was washed with EtOAc. The filtrate was washed with saturatedNaHCO₃ followed by brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and the filtrate wasconcentrated to give 0.534 g (73%) of the desired product as a yellowoil. ¹H NMR indicates one or more impurities are present. The compoundwas used directly without further purification. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃):δ 7.03 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (dd, J=2.7 Hz, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (d,J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 3.08 (m, 4H), 2.95 (m, 2H), 1.98 (m, 5), 1.69 (m, 4H),1.56 (m, 2H), 0.92 (m, 2H), 0.65 (m, 2H).

5-Chloro-N-{2-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-3-ethyl-1H-indole-2-carboxamide(compound 3)

To an ice-water cooled stirred mixture of5-chloro-3-ethyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid (73 mg, 0.326 mmol),1-hydroxybenzotriazole (61 mg, 0.45 mmol, 1.38 eq), triethylamine (0.12mL, 0.86 mmol, 2.6 eq) and DMF (3 mL) was added1-ethyl-(3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride (78 mg,0.41 mmol, 1.25 eq) followed by DMF (1 mL). The reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature overnight. After 24 h, the reaction mixturewas concentrated and partitioned between water and EtOAc. The organicphase was separated, washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, andconcentrated. The crude product was partially purified by flashchromatography over SiO₂ (12 g) with a hexane:EtOAc gradient (100:0 to60:40) to give 67 mg of a pale tan solid. The solid was dissolved inEtOAc and the solution was partially concentrated in vacuo. Thesuspension was filtered and the filtered solid was washed with Et₂O anddried to give 27 mg (18%) of the desired product as a white solid. Thefiltrate was concentrated and dried to give 39 mg of slightly impureproduct as a pale tan solid. HPLC analysis of the white solid indicatesthe product is 99% pure. [HPLC Conditions: Waters XBridge C-18 reversephase column; 5 mm; 4.6×100 mm; 254 nm; 1 mL/min; CH₃CN:H₂O with 0.05%TFA (80:20)]. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 11.34 (br s, 1H), 8.03 (br t,J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (dd,J=2.0 Hz, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (dd, J=2.5 Hz, 8.3Hz, 1H), 6.45 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (m, 2H), 3.03 (m, 4H), 2.95 (m,4H), 2.04 (m, 1H), 1.59 (m, 4H), 1.51 (m, 2H), 1.14 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H),0.90 (m, 2H), 0.65 (m, 2H). ES+ HRMS Calcd: 450.2307 (M+H)⁺. Found:450.2310.

1-[4-(2-Nitroethenyl)phenyl]piperidine (D2)

To a 250-mL round-bottomed flask containing a stir bar was added4-piperidin-1-yl-benzaldehyde (4.90 g, 0.0259 mol), ammonium acetate(3.66 g, 0.0461 mol), and nitromethane (51.0 mL). The system was fittedwith a reflux condenser, placed under a N₂ atmosphere and heated toreflux for 3.5 h. At this point the system was cooled to roomtemperature and evaporated in vacuo until a residue remained. Thered-brown solid was dissolved in ethyl acetate (250 mL) and 1 N HCl (200mL). The layers were separated, re-extracting the aqueous layer withethyl acetate (3×200 mL). The organic layers were combined and thenwashed with a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate (200 mL). Theaqueous layer was back-extracted once with ethyl acetate (200 mL). Theorganic layers were combined, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered,evaporated in vacuo, and high-vacuum dried to yield a bright red solid.The crude product was chromatographed via ISCO Automated Chromatography[220 g column; 0-25% linear gradient EtOAc in hexanes, then isocratic25% EtOAc in hexanes; crude dissolved in 100% CHCl₃]. The desiredfractions were evaporated in vacuo and high-vacuum dried to yield abright red solid (3.16 g, 53%).

2-[4-(Piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]ethan-1-amine (D3)

To a 500-mL round-bottomed flask containing1-[4-(2-nitroethenyl)phenyl]piperidine (1.50 g, 0.00646 mol), which hadbeen high-vacuum dried overnight, was added a stir bar and anhydrous THF(91.2 mL). The system was placed under a N₂ atmosphere. Lithium aluminumhydride (30.4 mL of a 1 M solution in THF, 0.0304 mol) was addeddropwise at room temperature over 2 min. The system was fitted with areflux condenser, placed under a N₂ atmosphere and heated to reflux for1 h. At this point the system was cooled to room temperature. The systemwas cooled to 0° C. and water (1.15 mL) was added dropwise with vigorousstirring. A 15% solution of NaOH (1.15 mL) was added followed by morewater (3.46 mL). A white precipitate was formed which was filtered awayvia a pad of Celite, washing with ethyl acetate. The clear yellowfiltrate was evaporated to a total volume of 60 mL. A saturated solutionof sodium bicarbonate (80 mL) was added and the layers separated,re-extracting the aqueous layer with ethyl acetate (2×50 mL). Theorganic layers were combined and washed with brine (200 mL). The aqueouslayer was re-extracted with ethyl acetate (2×60 mL). The organic layerswere combined, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, evaporated in vacuo,azeotroped with CH₂Cl₂ (3×100 mL) and high-vacuum dried to yield anorange oil (1.11 g, 83%).

Ethyl 3-benzoyl-5-chloro-1H-indole-2-carboxylate (D5)

A 500-mL round-bottomed flask containing a stir bar was heat-dried undera stream of N₂ using a heat gun. Ethyl-5-chloroindole-2-carboxylate(1.70 g, 0.00760 mol) and anhydrous dichloromethane (40.0 mL) were addedand the system cooled to 0° C. Diethylaluminum chloride (15.0 mL of a 1M solution in heptanes, 0.0150 mol) was then added dropwise over 5 min.The system was stirred at 0° C. for 45 min, then a solution of benzoylchloride (2.14 g, 0.0152 mol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (40.0 mL) wasadded dropwise over 5 min. The system was allowed to warm to room tempovernight. At this point the system was cooled to 0° C. With vigorousstirring, a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate (100 mL) was addedslowly. Dichloromethane (100 mL) and brine (100 mL) were added in anunsuccessful attempt to break up the resulting emulsion. The mixture wasfiltered over a pad of Celite, washing with dichloromethane. Theresulting biphasic filtrate was evaporated in vacuo to remove some ofthe solvent. The layers were separated, re-extracting the aqueous layerwith CH₂Cl₂ (300 mL). The organic layers were combined and washed withbrine (200 mL). The aqueous layer was re-extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL).The organic layers were combined, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered,evaporated in vacuo, and high-vacuum dried. The crude material (3.00 g)was chromatographed on an ISCO Automated Chromatograph [120 g column;0-50% linear gradient EtOAc in hexanes; crude dissolved in 100% CH₂Cl₂].The desired fractions were evaporated in vacuo, azeotroped once withCH₂Cl₂ (50 mL), and high-vacuum dried to yield a light yellow solid(0.780 g, 31%).

Ethyl 3-benzyl-5-chloro-1H-indole-2-carboxylate (D6)

To a 20-dram vial containing a stir bar was added ethyl3-benzoyl-5-chloro-1H-indole-2-carboxylate (0.450 g, 0.00137 mol) andTFA (5.4 mL). The system was fitted with a septum cap and placed under aN₂ atmosphere. Triethylsilane (0.639 g, 0.00549 mol) was added dropwiseover 30 sec. The resulting dark yellow solution was then stirred underN₂ at room temp. After 30 min the system was a mustard-yellow slurry.After stirring for a total of 3.5 h the layers were separated and theaqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (60 mL). The organiclayers were combined and washed with brine (75 mL). The aqueous layerwas re-extracted with ethyl acetate (60 mL). The organic layers werecombined, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, evaporated in vacuo, andhigh-vacuum dried to yield an off-white solid (0.410 g, 95%).

3-Benzyl-5-chloro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid (D7)

To a 100-mL round-bottomed flask containing a stir bar was added ethyl3-benzyl-5-chloro-1H-indole-2-carboxylate (0.380 g, 0.00121 mol) and1,4-dioxane (9.0 mL). Sodium hydroxide (6.06 mL of a 1 N solution,0.00606 mol) was then added in one portion. The system was fitted with areflux condenser and heated at reflux temperature under an atmosphere ofN₂ for 40 min. At this point the system was cooled to room temperature.Aqueous HCl (30 mL of a 1 N solution) was added slowly to quench. Theresulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 5 min. Ethylacetate (40 mL) was added to dissolve the solid. The layers wereseparated, re-extracting the aqueous layer with ethyl acetate (2×40 mL).The organic layers were combined, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered,evaporated in vacuo, and high-vacuum dried to yield the product as apeach-colored solid (0.339 g, 98%).

3-Benzyl-5-chloro-N-{2-[4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]ethyl}-1H-indole-2-carboxamide(compound 4)

To a 20-dram vial containing a stir bar was added2-[4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl]ethan-1-amine (0.138 g, 0.000676 mol),3-benzyl-5-chloro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid (0.165 g, 0.000577 mol),and DMF (5.3 mL). 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (0.139 g of a 20% waterby weight solid, 0.000797 mol) was then added in one portion. The systemwas placed under an atmosphere of N₂ and then triethylamine (0.152 g,0.00150 mol) was added dropwise over 1 min. The resulting solution wascooled to 0° C. A slurry ofN-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (0.138 g,0.000722 mol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (1.8 mL) was then added in oneportion. The resulting suspension was warmed to room temp, where itbecame an orange-colored solution. The system was allowed to stir atroom temperature for 3 days. At this point the contents of the vial weretransferred to a 100 mL round-bottomed flask with ethyl acetate andevaporated in vacuo until a residue remained. The residue waspartitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) and brine (50 mL). The layers:were separated, re-extracting the aqueous layer with ethyl acetate (3×50mL). The organic layers were combined, dried over sodium sulfate,filtered, evaporated in vacuo, and high-vacuum dried. The crude material(0.463 g) was chromatographed on an ISCO Automated Chromatograph [24 gcolumn; 0-50% linear gradient EtOAc in hexanes, then isocratic 100%EtOAc; crude dissolved in 100% CH₂Cl₂]. One fraction yielded whiteneedles upon standing. This fraction was filtered, washed with hexanes,and high-vacuum dried to yield a white solid (0.022 g, 8%). Furtherproduct from other fractions was also obtained (0.042 g, 15%), bringingthe total yield for this step to 23%. The crystalline material was 98.6%pure by HPLC [HPLC Conditions: XBridge C-18 reverse phase column; 5 μm;4.6×100 mm; 254 nm; 1 mL/min; CH₃CN:H₂O with 0.05% TFA (70:30).] ¹H NMR(300 MHz; CDCl₃): δ 9.23 (br s, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d,J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (m, 5H), 6.99 (m, 2H), 6.93 (m, 2H), 6.87 (m, 1H),5.83 (m, 1H), 4.12 (s, 2H), 3.54 (m, 2H), 3.12 (m, 4H), 2.64 (t, J=6.8Hz, 2H), 1.72 (m, 4H), 1.56 (m, 2H). ES+ MS Calcd: 472.21 (M+H)⁺. Found:472.7. ES− MS Calcd: 470.21 (M−H)⁺. Found: 470.7.

Compounds were tested using a GTPγS assay as previously described (ShoreD M, et al. J Biol Chem. 2014; 289(9):5828-45; incorporated herein byreference in its entirety). Compounds were tested using an ERK assay aspreviously described (Kapur A, et al. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:29817-29827; incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

FIG. 3 shows the effects of the compounds of the invention on bindingand G protein-mediated signaling. Compound 1 is a less potent andefficacious negative allosteric modulator of CB₁ than ORG27569. Compound2 is a more potent negative allosteric modulator than ORG27569 andcompound 3 is not an allosteric modulator of CB₁.

FIG. 4 shows the effect of compound 1 on basal G protein signaling.Compound 1 has no effect on GTP-gamma-S binding.

FIG. 5 shows the effect of Compound 2 on basal G protein signaling.Compound 2 is a partial agonist in membranes.

FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 show the effect of compounds 3 and 4 on basal Gprotein signaling. Compound 3 and 4 have no effect on GTP-gamma-Sbinding.

FIG. 8 shows the effects of the compounds of the invention on ERKsignaling.

FIG. 9 shows GTPγS stimulation levels in hCB₁/HEK cells upon treatmentwith a compound of the invention. Compound 3 causes no effect onGTP-gamma-S binding at the human CB₁ receptor. CP55940 (CP), a CB₁agonist, causes a rise in GTP-gamma-S binding, while the CB₁ inverseagonist, ORG27569 (ORG) causes a decrease (including below basal).

FIG. 10 shows pERK production in cells upon treatment with a compound ofthe invention. Compound 3 causes a robust effect, particularly at earlytime points, compared to CP (CP55,940).

Compound 1 and compound 2—These analogs of OR27569 were designed to forma new hydrogen bond with the transmembrane helix 6 residue, D6.58(366).To form this new interaction, a hydroxyl group was added to the carbonadjacent to the phenyl ring of the ORG27569. Attaching a hydroxyl groupto this carbon makes the carbon chiral, meaning that the hydroxyl can beadded in two different ways (forming an S or an R enantiomer). The Senantiomer is compound 1 and the R enantiomer is compound 2 (see FIG.1). These compounds were designed to test predictions made by ourcomputational models. The results of our molecular modeling calculationssuggest that each compound can adopt an energetically accessibleconformation that enables the compound to form a hydrogen bond withD6.58(366). However, this new interaction changes how each compoundbinds to the CB₁/CP55,940 complex, resulting from the receptor'stopography at the compounds' binding site, as well as the geometry abouteach enantiomers hydroxyl group.

Specifically, the models suggest that the hydroxyl group of compound 1causes the compound to shift in its binding site, as compared toORG27569. This binding site difference is due to an energetic impetus tooptimize the geometry of the hydrogen bond between D6.58(366) and thecompound 1's hydroxyl group. As a result, compound 1 is unable to form ahydrogen bond with K3.28(192), and forms less productive interactionswith the CB₁/CP55,940 complex (as compared to ORG27569). The predictedweaker interactions between compound 1 and the CB₁/CP55,940 complex isconsistent with our experimental results. First, compound 1 does notimprove CP55,940's B_(max) as well as ORG27569 (see FIG. 3). Second,compound 1 does not antagonize CP55,940's [³⁵S]GTNλS signaling as wellas ORG27569 (see FIG. 3). Finally, compound 1 (when applied alone) doesnot act as an inverse agonist of [³⁵S]GTNλS signaling (see FIG. 4); thisis consistent with prior work that suggests that an interaction betweenthe compound's piperidine ring and K3.28(192) may be necessary for thecompound to act as an inverse agonist (Shore, supra).

Likewise, the models also suggest that the hydroxyl group of compound 2causes the compound to shift in its binding site, as compared toORG27569. This binding site difference is due to an energetic impetus tooptimize the geometry of the hydrogen bond between D6.58(366) and thecompound 2's hydroxyl group. Also like compound 1, this binding sitedifference prevents compound 2 from forming a hydrogen bond withK3.28(192). However, in contrast with compound 1, this binding sitechange improves compound 2's interactions with the CB₁/CP55,940 complex;specifically, compound 2 forms improved hydrophobic interactions, aswell as forms a new hydrogen bond between its piperidine nitrogen and ahydroxyl group of CP55,940. Altogether, our models predict that compound2 has better interactions with the CB₁/CP55,940 complex than ORG27569.The predicted improved interactions between compound 2 and theCB₁/CP55,940 complex is consistent with our experimental results. First,compound 2 improves CP55,940's B_(max) better than as ORG27569 (see FIG.3). Second, compound 2 antagonizes CP55,940's [³⁵S]GTNλS signaling aswell as ORG27569 (see FIG. 3). Finally, compound 2 (when applied alone)does not act as an inverse agonist of [³⁵S]GTNλS signaling (see FIG. 5);this is consistent with prior work that suggests that an interactionbetween the compound's piperidine ring and K3.28(192) may be necessaryfor the compound to act as an inverse agonist (Shore, supra).Interestingly, in mouse membranes, compound 2 may act as a weak agonistof G protein-mediated signaling, suggesting a unique pharmacologicalprofile as compared to ORG27569 (see FIG. 5).

Compound 3—This analog of ORG27569 was designed to answer two hypothesesinformed by our computational models: 1) whether ORG27569 could toleratethe addition of steric bulk in a region that the model suggests packsagainst TMH6-7; 2) if the addition of steric bulk on the compound'sphenyl ring would impact the ability of the compound to act as anallosteric modulator of CB₁. Specifically, to create compound 3, acyclopropyl group was attached to the compound's phenyl ring (see FIG.1). The models suggests that even if compound 3 were able to enter thereceptor, it may not be able to act as an allosteric modulator, becausethe newly added cyclopropyl group would have steric clashes withresidues on TMH6/7. These results are consistent with our experimentalresults that suggests that compound 3 does not improve CP55,940's B.(and may actually reduce it); in addition, compound 3 was not observedto antagonize CP55,940's [³⁵S]GTNλS signaling (see FIG. 3). In addition,compound 3 did not have any significant effect on [³⁵S]GTNλS signalingwhen applied alone (see FIG. 9). Altogether, these results suggest thatcompound 3 does not act as an allosteric modulator of CB₁.

However, our molecular dynamics simulations of ORG27569 and our inactiveCB₁ receptor model, suggest that ORG27569 induces a receptorconformational change by inserting its indole ring between TMH6/7 (seeFIG. 2A). This conformational change is consistent with activation ofthe ERK signaling pathway. In addition, this insertion of ORG27569'sindole ring does not require that the compound leave the lipid bilayerand fully bind inside the receptor's transmembrane core. Based on theseresults, our models suggests that compound 3 may be able to insert itsindole ring between TMH6-7, generating an ERK signal; however, becauseof the steric bulk introduced by its cyclopropyl ring, it may not beable to bind inside of CB₁ (preventing its ability to impact Gprotein-mediated signaling). These computational results are consistentwith our experimental results. As just described, compound 3 does notact as an allosteric modulator of CB1 (see FIG. 3), nor does it impact Gprotein-mediated signaling when applied alone (see FIG. 9). However,compound 3 does generate an ERK signal (see FIG. 10). This suggests thatit is possible to design CB₁ ERK-pathway biased ligands by creatingcompounds that insert between TMH6/7, but are unable to fully insertinto the receptor's transmembrane core.

Compound 4—This analog of OR27569 was designed to form a new aromaticinteraction with the transmembrane helix 3 residue, F3.25(189). To formthis new interaction, the ethyl group attached to the indole ring ofORG27569 was replaced with a benzyl group (see FIG. 1). The results ofour molecular modeling calculations suggest that compound 4 can adopt anenergetically accessible conformation that enables the compound to forman aromatic stack with F3.25(189). However, this new interaction changeshow the compound binds to the CB₁/CP55,940 complex, resulting from thereceptor's topography at the compounds' binding site, as well as thegeometry about the benzyl group of the compound. As a result, compound 4is unable to form a hydrogen bond with K3.28(192). However, due to thenew aromatic interaction with F3.25(189), as well as improvedhydrophobic interactions in general, compound 4 forms more productiveinteractions with the CB₁/CP55,940 complex (as compared to ORG27569).Interestingly, compound 4 did not affect CP55,940's B_(max) (see FIG.3). However, compound 4 antagonized CP55,940's [³⁵S]GTNλS signaling aswell as ORG27569 (see FIG. 3). Finally, compound 4 (when applied alone)does not act as an inverse agonist of [³⁵S]GTNλS signaling (see FIG. 7);this is consistent with prior work that suggests that an interactionbetween the compound's piperidine ring and K3.28(192) may be necessaryfor the compound to act as an inverse agonist (Shore, supra). Inaddition, compound 4 (when applied alone) may act as a weak inverseagonist of ERK signaling, suggesting a unique pharmacological profile ascompared to ORG27569 (see FIG. 8).

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail byway of illustration and example for purposes of clarity ofunderstanding, one of skill in the art will appreciate that certainchanges and modifications can be practiced within the scope of theappended claims. In addition, each reference provided herein isincorporated by reference in its entirety to the same extent as if eachreference was individually incorporated by reference.

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound having the Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein R¹ is selectedfrom the group consisting of halo, cyano, nitro, and acetyl; R² isselected from the group consisting of C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, C₀₋₄ alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, and C₀₋₄ alkyl-C₆₋₁₀ aryl, R³ is selected from the groupconsisting of H, C₃-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, 4- to 8-memberedheterocyclyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl; W isselected from the group consisting of N and CR^(1a), wherein R^(1a) isselected from the group consisting of H and R¹; X is selected from thegroup consisting of O, C═O, and NR⁴, wherein R⁴ is selected from thegroup consisting of H and C₁₋₆ alkyl; Y¹, Y², and Y³ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of N and CH; Z is selected from thegroup consisting of 0, CH₂, and NR⁴, wherein R⁴ is selected from thegroup consisting of H and C₁₋₆ alkyl; subscript t is 0 when W is CR^(1a)and R^(1a) is R¹; subscript t is 1 when W is N or when W is CR^(1a) andR^(1a) is H; and L is selected from the group consisting of

wherein R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of H and OH, provided that at least one of R⁵ and R⁶ is H andat least one of R⁷ and R⁸ is H, or one of R⁵ and R⁶ is taken togetherwith one of R⁷ and R⁸ to form a 5- to 6-membered saturated carbocyclicor heterocyclic group, or R⁵ and R⁷ are absent and R⁶ and R⁸ are takentogether to form a 5- to 6-membered unsaturated carbocyclic orheterocyclic group, and R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of H and OH, provided that at least of R⁹ and R¹⁰ is H,and; provided that if R² is C₁₋₁₂ alkyl, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are H, andY¹, Y², and Y³ are CH, then R³ is selected from the group consisting ofC₃-C₁₂ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, 4- to 8-membered heterocyclyl, C₆-C₁°aryl, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl.
 2. The compound of claim 1,according to the formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 3. The compound of claim2, according to the formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 4. The compound of claim3, having a formula selected from the group consisting of

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R¹ is selectedfrom the group consisting of C1 and F; and R³ is selected from the groupconsisting of H, C₃-C₅ cycloalkyl, and 4- to 8-membered heterocyclyl. 5.The compound of claim 4, which is selected from the group consisting of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 6. The compound of claim5, selected from the group consisting of:

(S)-5-chloro-3-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-2-(4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxamide;

(R)-5-chloro-3-ethyl-N-(2-hydroxy-2-(4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxamide;

5-chloro-N-(2-cyclopropyl-4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenethyl)-3-ethyl-1H-indole-2-carboxamide;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 7. The compound of claim1, according to the formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 8. The compound of claim7, according to the formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R¹ is selectedfrom the group consisting of Cl and F; and R³ is selected from the groupconsisting of H, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, and 4- to 8-membered heterocyclyl. 9.The compound of claim 8, which is selected from the group consisting of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 10. The compound of claim1, according to the formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein U is selectedfrom the group consisting of S and O.
 11. The compound of claim 10,according to the formula

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 12. The compound of claim11, which is selected from the group consisting of:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 13. A pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound of claim 1 and one or morepharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
 14. A method of treating acondition or disorder mediated in part by CB₁ receptor activity in apatient in need thereof, the method comprising administering to thepatient an effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 15. The method ofclaim 14, wherein the condition is selected from the group consisting ofglaucoma, pain, nausea, neurodegeneration, and appetite loss.
 16. A kitcomprising a composition of claim 13, and instructions for use.
 17. Amethod of preparing a compound of claim 1 comprising forming a reactionmixture containing: a compound of formula III

and a compound of formula IV

under conditions sufficient to form a compound of formula II


18. The method of claim 17, wherein the compound of formula IV isprepared by a process comprising: contacting an aldehyde IVa

wherein LG¹ and LG² are independently selected leaving groups, with acyclic amine under conditions sufficient to form a compound of formulaIVb

converting the compound of formula IVb to a compound of formula IVc

contacting the compound of formula IVc with diazomethane underconditions sufficient to form a compound of formula IVd

and reducing the compound of formula IVd to form a compound of formulaIVe


19. The method of claim 17, wherein the compound of formula IV isprepared by a process comprising forming a reaction mixture containing ametal-salen catalyst, a protected amine, and a compound of formula IVf

wherein LG³ is a leaving group, under conditions sufficient to form acompound of formula IVg

contacting the compound of formula IVg with a cyclic amine underconditions sufficient to form a compound of formula IVh

and deprotecting the compound according to formula IVh.
 20. The methodof claim 17, wherein the compound of formula IV is prepared by a processcomprising reducing a compound of formula IVi

under conditions sufficient to form a compound of formula IVj

wherein X is a halogen; and coupling the compound of formula IVj with acompound of formula IVk

wherein each R is independently selected from the group consisting of H,C₁₋₆ alkyl, and F₃, or two R groups are taken together to form a 5- to6-membered carbocycle, under conditions sufficient to form a compound offormula IVl